Processing error list

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "Material accessibility

Access to material goods that help to satisfy basic needs and to be able to respond to disasters

• Accessibility is the condition to guarantee the integration without any barriers
  • In relation to social media and crowdsourcing, material accessibility refers to the access to communication and information systems and more generally to technological devices.
  • Moreover, it refers to the role that social media and crowdsourcing could have in facilitating the access to relief systems.
  • The starting assumption is that the lack of access to the virtual space can exacerbate an individual’s condition of vulnerability, depriving him or her of the possibility of receiving information and being represented in the flow of rescue requests and the response.

Physical and sensory accessibility

Physical and/or sensorial (in)ability to use specific platforms or communication system

• Disability can be defined as people’s ability to access communication and Internet
• Digital disability could overlap with physical disability, increasing the risk of situation of discrimination and exclusion*
  • Often governments, organizations and agencies fail to adopt a disability perspective during emergency situations and crises.
  • People with visual and hearing impairment and difficulties could be left behind.
  • Most of the social media platform are inaccessible for people with visual impairment and they exclude them from participating and collect information.
  • There is the need to expand the concept of disability and accessibility in disasters, including online environment.

Cultural accessibility

Access to information, knowledge and education, as well as linguistic and intellectual accessibility

• Individuals’ possession of resources on potential risk include how they respond to the danger
  • Difficulties to distinguish between true and false information. There should be trust in the information provided.
  • Most marginalized groups are usually less inclined to trust on the social information from institutional channels.
• Social and geographical differences increase the knowledge accessibility disparities
  • Geographical context plays an important role in the cultural accessibility because urban people are more inclined in the use of Social Media & Coud Sourcing also as a source of information during a disaster, while rural dwellers may limit their use of SMCS because they feel excluded by the flow of information provided.

Relief accessibility

Access to political, economic and social system, as well as power and representation. The possibility of access to the relief system, such as sending requests and receiving support

• If people hear things from people they know, they respond better than the notice
  • Social media plays an important role during a disaster especially because they give the possibility to share the current position also to the rescuers, to share information to people that are in the same emergency.
  • There have been some cases in which during an emergency a specific “hashtag” has been created and shared with people that could help to collect all the information together.
• It is important that people have multiple ways to receive information during disasters
  • Social media are important both for ensure the securing rescue and to organize efforts of volunteers to help people

Recommended Actions

• Action 1: How to identify your target group
  • This section aims of providing you with guiding questions to help you to map your communication needs and how targeting your social groups.

• Action 2: How to identify accessibility problems
  • This section aims of providing you with an overview of the main accessibility problems your target group could meet in accessing your online channels of communication.

• Action 3: How to set up your communication channel
  • In order to help you to set up in the best way your communication channel, we provide you here a checklist to create an accessible social media post

• Action 4: Connecting problems to actions
  • This tool has been thought to support you in identifying faster what are the best actions to take when you deal with accessibility problems" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

"Crisis Communication" has not been listed as valid URI scheme.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "WRITING FOR SOCIAL MEDIA

The Importance of Plain Language

• Quickly engage the reader
• Limit use of jargon, technical, or scientific language
• Write in active voice
• Keep messages short.
• Write in a friendly but professional tone
• Choose words with one definition or connotation
• Use measurements that are familiar to your audience
• Choose familiar terms, and use them consistently
• Use acronyms with caution
• Use numbers when they help you make your point
• Consider using alternatives to words expressing mathematical concepts, such as risk, normal, and range, if those words do not have meaning to your audience

Guidelines for incorporating social marketing into your communications

Social marketing is about identifying the specific target audience segment(s), describing the benefits, and creating interventions that will influence or support the desired behavior change.

• Highlight the positive aspects of your message
• Answer the audience’s question, “What’s in it for me?”
• Respect your audience.
• Encourage your readers to take a particular action or to learn more.
• Tie messages to specific products or services when possible

Creating Content

Social media content should be

• Relevant, useful and interesting
• Easy to understand and share
• Friendly, conversational, and engaging - Action-oriented

SOCIAL MEDIA TOOLS

• Buttons and Badges
  • Buttons are graphic elements that usually include an image, a short call-to-action message, and a link for more information. They are often created to be shared, and include HTML code that allows them to be posted on a website.
  • Badges are also small graphic images that include a message and link to a web page. However, badges are often posted on an individual's social network profile or personal blog to show support for or affiliation with a cause or issue, and may include messages that show a personal action was taken

• Image Sharing

Image sharing involves posting images (photos, artwork, etc.) to public websites where they can be viewed, tagged, categorized, and even used by others

• RSS Feeds

RSS stands for Really Simple Syndication. RSS feeds provide an easy way to stay updated on information that is important to you and helps reduce the time it takes to browse or search for new information on web sites. RSS feeds provide updated news headlines, blog posts or selected website content.

• Podcasts

A podcast is a digital audio or video file that can be saved for playback on a portable media device or computer. The term “podcast” refers to both the actual content of the media file and the method by which the content is syndicated.

• Online Video Sharing

Online video sharing can be used by partners to share tailored health communication messages. Online video sites, such as YouTube, MSN and Yahoo have emerged as popular and powerful video sharing sites

• Widgets

A widget is an application that can be utilized by partners to display featured health content directly on their desktop, website or social media site. Widgets can also generally be shared with friends

• eCards

are electronic greeting cards that are sent to people’s email accounts

• Blogs

Blogs, or web logs, are regularly updated online journals that almost anyone with an internet connection can use. Some blogs target a small audience, while others boast a readership comparable to national newspapers. They may have only one author or a team of regular authors, but most blogs share a similar format in that the entries are posted in a reverse chronological order and may allow readers to comment on posts

• Microblogs

Twitter is an example of a microblog. Twitter is an information network made up of 140-character messages called tweets. It is used by millions of people, organizations, and businesses to discover and share new information. Twitter users subscribe to receive tweets by following an account. Followers receive messages in their timeline that includes a feed of all the accounts they have subscribed to. These short, easy to read, public messages make Twitter a powerful, real-time way of communicating

• Social Networking Site

Facebook an example of a social networking site. These are online communities where people can interact with friends, family, coworkers, acquaintances, and others with similar interests. Most social networking sites provide multiple ways for their users to interact such as chat, email, video, voice chat, file-sharing, blogging, and discussion groups.

SOCIAL MEDIA EVALUATION

Developing the Model

• Using the activities and objectives determined in the social media communications strategy document, consider the following for each activity in your program. Note that there may be multiple inputs, outputs, and outcomes for each activity.
  • What are the inputs, or resources (both tangible and intangible), that need to be in place for the activities to happen?
  • What are the outputs of each of those activities? In other words, what will be the resulting products (usually tangible)?
  • What are the expected outcomes of the activities and outputs (usually intangible)? That is, what are the results you hope to see? (Example: Increased awareness of vaccination campaign.) If possible, break outcomes into short-term and long-term. The outcomes may be very similar to (or the same as) the objectives you developed in the Social Media Communication Strategy Worksheet.

Developing the Questions

• Inputs
  • How can each of your inputs be measured, counted, or otherwise evaluated?
    • For example, if one of the inputs is “messages developed by communication specialists,” what elements of this input can and should be measured?

• Outputs
  • How can the products of your activities be measured?
    • For social media activities, these questions may utilize web analytics, such as click-throughs and page views, or they could include numbers of friends, followers, or messages posted.

• Outcomes
  • Outcomes can often be harder to measure than outputs, but offer great value.
  • The evaluation questions for your outcomes will likely come from the SMART objectives you developed earlier.
    • For example, if your objective was to increase by 5% the number of target audience members who were aware of your campaign, your evaluation question would reflect this objective." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

"Crisis Communication" has not been listed as valid URI scheme.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "CONTENT

• Communications Fundamentals
• Communicating Complex, Scientific, and Technical Information
• Myths, Principles, And Pitfalls
• Understanding and Working with the Media
• Using Social Media Before And During Crises
• Correcting Errors and Rumor Control
• Assessing Personal Strengths and Weaknesses
• Presenting Information at Public Meetings
• Recognizing Opportunities to Speak Out

This guide focuses on the following areas:

• A brief orientation and perspective on the media for public officials, including discussion of how the media thinks and works, and on the public as the end-recipient of information
• Techniques for responding to and cooperating with the media in conveying information and delivering messages before, during, and after a public health crisis
• Tools of the trade of media relations and public communications
• Strategies and tactics for addressing opportunities and challenges that may arise as a consequence of communications initiatives

AVOIDING PITFALLS

• Abstractions:
  • Use examples, stories, and analogies to make your point.
  • Don’t assume there is a common understanding between you and your audience (even when you are using stories and analogies to make your point).
• Attacks:
  • Respond to issues, not to people.
  • Strive to end debates, not further them.
  • Don’t respond to an attack with an attack of your own.
• Attitude/Nonverbal Messages:
  • Remain calm, attentive, and polite.
  • Adopt a relaxed, neutral physical stance.

  • Don’t let your feelings interfere with your ability to communicate positively.
  • Never convey disgust, frustration, indifference, or smugness.
  • Never lose your temper.
  • Don’t allow your body language, your position in the room, or your dress to affect your message.
• Blame:
  • Accept your share of responsibility for a problem.

  • Don’t try to shift blame or responsibility to others and don’t magnify the fault to be found in others in order to deflect criticism or minimize your culpability.
• Costs:
  • Focus on the benefits to be derived, not on the costs entailed.
    • If costs are an issue, voice respect for the need for responsible stewardship of public funds.

  • Don’t discuss issues in terms of their dollar value, or complain about a lack of funds.
• Guarantees:
  • It is better to offer a likelihood, emphasizing progress and on-going efforts.
  • Don’t make comments like, “There are no guarantees in life.”
• Humor:
  • Avoid it.
    • If used, direct it at yourself.

  • Don’t use it in relation to safety, or health, or in describing risk.
• Jargon:
  • Define all technical terms and acronyms.

  • Don’t use language that may not be understood by even a portion of your audience.
• Length of Presentations:
  • Plan, practice and deliver a cogent 15-minute presentation.

  • Don’t believe that what you are saying is inherently more interesting than other topics and therefore warrants more time.
  • By the same token, don’t end your remarks after 15 minutes if there are important audience questions in need of answering.
• Negative Allegations:
  • Refute allegations succinctly.

  • Don’t repeat allegations or refer to them in ways that give them credibility.
• Negative Words and Phrases:
  • Use positive or neutral terms.

  • Don’t cite national problems, or make highly charged analogies, which may belittle the current situation (e.g., don’t say, “This is not 9/11.”).
• “Off the Record”:
  • Always assume everything you say and do is part of the public record.

  • Don’t make side comments or “confidential” remarks.
    • The rule is: Never say anything that you are not willing to see printed on the front page of a newspaper.
• Personal Identity:
  • Speak for the organization. Use the pronoun “we.”

  • Don’t give the impression that you, alone, are the authority on the issues being raised or the sole decision-maker.
  • Never disagree with the organization you are representing, e.g., “Personally, I don’t agree,” or “Speaking for myself ...,” or “If it were me. ...”
• Promises:
  • It is better to state your willingness to try. Promise only what you can deliver.
  • Don’t make promises you can’t keep and never make a promise on behalf of someone else.
• Reliance on Words Alone:
  • Use visuals and hand-outs to emphasize key points.

  • Don’t rely entirely on the spoken word to explain your point.
• Speculation:
  • Stick to the facts of what has, is, and will be done.

  • Don’t speculate on what could be done, or on what might happen, or on possible outcomes other than the intended one(s), or about worst case scenarios.
• Statistics:
  • Use them to illuminate larger points and to emphasize trends and achievements.
  • Don’t make them the focus of your remarks, or overuse them.
• Technical details and data:
  • Focus on empathy, efforts, and results.
  • Don’t try to fully inform and educate audiences on the minutia of issues.

Five Rules for Building Trust and Credibility

• 1. Accept and involve the public as a partner.
  • Work with and for the public to inform, dispel misinformation and, to every degree possible, allay fears and concerns.
• 2. Appreciate the public’s specific concerns.
  • Statistics and probabilities don’t necessarily answer all questions.
  • Be sensitive to people’s fears and worries on a human level.
  • Your position does not preclude your acknowledging the sadness of an illness, injury, or death.
  • Do not overstate or dwell on tragedy, but do empathize with the public and provide answers that respect their humanity.
• 3. Be honest and open.
  • Once lost, trust and credibility are almost impossible to regain.
  • Never mislead the public by lying or failing to provide information that is important to their understanding of issues.
• 4. Work with other credible sources.
  • Conflicts and disagreements among organizations and credible spokespersons create confusion and breed distrust.
  • Coordinate your information and communications efforts with those of other legitimate parties.
• 5. Meet the needs of the media.
  • Never refuse to work with the media.
  • The media’s role is to inform the public, which will be done with or without your assistance.
  • Work with the media to ensure that the information they are providing the public is as accurate and enlightening as possible.
  • If your agency or organization has a communications office, work with them on approaches to dealing with the media.

SOURCE: Covello and Allen, 1988; Palttala, Boano, Lund, & Vos, 2012" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "Crisis Communication Plan

The main elements of a robust crisis communication plan include:

• Statement of company communication policy, including the names (or positions) of authorized spokespeople
• Outline of the communication organization, and its interface with the corporate Crisis Management Team (the head of communications should sit on the CMT)
• Protocols for ensuring all available communication channels are properly coordinated and that information and messaging is consistent to all audiences
• Description of functional roles and responsibilities, and candidates
• Checklists for each functional role, outlining the main tasks
• Templates for initial statements and employee communications, including the first online posts, which can be issued immediately after key information is confirmed.
• Templates should be developed for various possible scenarios, including accident; serious incident; diversion; hijacking/security incident; service disruption
• Database with phone and email addresses of important internal and external contacts (including primary media outlets, online influencers and service providers)
• Standard forms and documentation (for example, media call logging form, press conference registration form

Crisis communication team

At a minimum, the team should be capable of executing the following functional responsibilities.

If resources are limited, one individual may be responsible for two or more functions

• Communication Representative on the Crisis Management Team (CMT)
  • The Communication Representative on the CMT is responsible for providing strategic communications advice to the CEO and members of the CMT, and for ensuring that accurate and timely information to internal and external stakeholders is provided.
• Communication Team Leader
  • The Communication Team Leader is responsible for the overall management of the Communication Team and for ensuring that the communication strategy is executed.
• Content Developer
  • The Content Developer is responsible for drafting all written materials or other content used in response to the crisis, including news releases, backgrounders, briefing documents and statements (eg video statements)
• Online Communication Manager
  • The Online Communication Manager is responsible for managing the company’s social media and online channels.
  • The Online Communication Manager also coordinates online activities with other departments such as the commercial team, monitoring online conversations about the situation and advising on whether the company should engage with online conversations by posting responses on “owned” or third-party social media platforms.
• Internal Communication Manager
  • The Internal Communication Manager is responsible for ensuring that all statements are provided to employees via internal communication channels
• Network Co-ordinator
  • The Network Coordinator is responsible for maintaining contact with offices and PR Agencies across the network, and for ensuring that they receive updated information as it is released from Head Office
• Media Monitoring Coordinator
  • The Media Monitoring Coordinator is responsible for ensuring that all relevant electronic, print and online media coverage is collated and reported to the Crisis Management Team
• Media Enquiry Center Manager
  • The Media Enquiry Center Manager is responsible for supervising the team answering incoming media calls, and for ensuring that agents responding to reporters are provided with updated statements and talking points.
• Communication Representative/s on the Go-Team (which may be sent to the incident)
  • The Communication Representative/s on the Go-Team is/are responsible for travelling to the scene of the event and coordinating all communication activities locally" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "Der Leitfaden zum Thema Integration von ungebundenen Helfern beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie spontane Helfer vor, während und nach einer Katastrophe integriert werden können. Neben den klassischen Methoden berücksichtigt der Leitfaden auch die Integration von Helfern über soziale Medien. Ebenso werden rechtliche Aspekte beschrieben

Ungebundene Helferinnen und Helfer im Bevölkerungsschutz

• sind nichtbetroffene Bürgerinnen und Bürger in einer Katastrophe.
• Sie werden eigenständig aktiv aus dem Bedürfnis heraus, anderen in einer Notlage zu helfen.
• Sie sind nicht Mitglieder einer Katastrophenschutzorganisation im Einsatz.
  • Insofern kann bei diesen Hilfeleistenden nicht von einer dem Einsatz entsprechenden Ausbildung ausgegangen werden.
  • Gleichwohl bringen sie eine Vielzahl von Fähigkeiten und Kompetenzen aus ihrem persönlichen und ggf. beruflichen Hintergrund mit.
• Ihre Hilfeleistung findet gemeinwohlorientiert und unentgeltlich statt.
  • Sie wird in der Regel außerhalb ihres unmittelbaren räumlichen wie sozialen Umfelds erbracht.
• Die Helferinnen und Helfer mobilisieren sich bzw. koordinieren ihre Hilfstätigkeiten selbstständig und ereignisbezogen.
  • Dies geschieht vor allem über Social Media

Das Dokument befasst sich insbesondere mit folgenden Themen:

• Einbeziehung ungebundener HelferInnen: ja oder nein?
  • Tätigkeiten für ungebundene HelferInnen
  • Grenzen beim Einsatz ungebundener HelferInnen
• Positive Entscheidung zum Einsatz ungebundener HelferInnen
  • Erreichbarkeit des Freiwilligenmanagements
  • Beispiele von ungebundenen HelferInnen in anderen Ländern
• Ansprache von ungebundenen HelferInnen
  • Aufruf zur Zusammenarbeit
  • Social Media
  • Welcome Center
  • Registrierung
• Integration und Koordination ungebundener HelferInnen
  • Einweisung
  • Willkommenskultur
  • Balanceakt zwischen Flexibilität und Planbarkeit
  • Mögliche Probleme
• Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen
  • Helferbegriffe und Gesetzeswortlaut
  • Rechtsstellung der ungebundenen Helfer
  • Haftung für fremde Schäden
  • Schutz bei eigenen Schäden und Aufwendungen
  • Strafrechtliche Relevanz" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

"Crisis Communication" has not been listed as valid URI scheme.

"Crisis Communication" has not been listed as valid URI scheme.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "Guidelines for emergency services & public authorities

Prepare to start using social media

• Consider the legal implications
• Consider the needs in human and financial resources
• Prepare a social media strategy
• Clearly communicate the social media strategy and provide staff training
• Explore what Information Communication Technology (ICT) tools are available for social media monitoring and analysis
• Use of apps for direct communication (Authorities-to-Citizens and Citizens-to-Authorities)
• Plan the next steps to start using social media

Before an emergency

• Provide information about your organization, its operations and emergency prevention and preparation
• Raise awareness on the use of social media
• Use of ICT tools for social media monitoring and analysis
• Team up with other groups and organizations
• Publish alerts for the risk of an upcoming emergency

During an emergency

• Understand how social media is used by citizens during emergencies
• Establish communication with the public
• Request information from the public
• Use of ICT tools for social media monitoring and analysis
• Respond to false information and rumors
• Collaborate with emergent group initiatives

After an emergency

• Continue the communication with the citizens
• Evaluate your social media use during the emergency

Guidelines for citizens

General Aspects while using social media

• Interact with respect and courtesy
• You are responsible for your writing, think of possible consequences
• Protect your privacy and check the privacy settings
• Respect intellectual property rights, including pictures, graphics, audio and video files
• Verify your information before posting
• Correct a mistake if you made one

Before an emergency

• Be prepared:
• Know the social media accounts of your local and national ES and follow them. This will help find real-time information during an emergency.
• Read what to expect from Emergency Services in social media.
• Follow the information from Emergency Services on how to prevent and stay safe during emergencies

During an emergency

• Stay up-to-date and follow official accounts and local organizations to get information updates
• Social media does not replace 112. If in danger, always call 112 first.
• Be responsible and avoid spreading rumors!

When you post information about an emergency in social media:

• Always mention the Emergency Services account or include any already used hashtags. When possible, report a location and use photos
• Tell only facts and don’t send information you are not certain about
• Share only official and reliable information and avoid spreading rumors!
• If you spot or shared false information, please correct it
• Forward received official messages to your contacts or share them

Volunteering initiatives

• Look for emergent volunteer initiatives in Facebook groups, Google crisis maps or trusted users in Twitter; they may help to increase the impact of your activities!
• If you intend to initiate your emergent volunteer initiative, please check for existing initiatives first and carefully chose the scope of your possible contribution.

After an emergency

• Follow official accounts and local organizations to get information updates
• Communicate even after a crisis and use social media for the processing of the event
• Give feedback to the authorities
• Restore missing contact and ask for welfare of family and friends
• Help others reconstructing/handling the event

Data Protection and Privacy Guidelines for Processing Social Media Data

CONTENT

• Responsibility
  • Project responsibility
  • Who do you answer to?
• Is what you are proposing lawful?
  • Consent
  • Transparency
  • Special Categories of Personal Data
• Data rights of the citizen
  • Subject Access Request
  • Right of Erasure
  • Data Portability
• Project controls
  • Data protection officer
  • Privacy impact assessment
  • Continuous monitoring
• Infrastructure controls
  • Privacy by design
  • Codes of Conduct
  • Breach handling
  • Subject Access Request handling" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "Platform Terms of Use

CONTENT

• 1. introduction
• 2. intellectual property rights
• 3. data use
• 4. privacy policy
• 5. service providers and technology providers
• 6. data security
• 7. rights to review compliance and suspension and termination/termination of these terms of use
• 8. notices
• 9. indemnification.
• 
10. international data transfers
• 11. general
• 12. glossary" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "Wat social media zijn

• Social media zijn online platformen waar mensen en bedrijven met elkaar in contact komen via o.a. berichten, foto’s en video’s.
  • Bekende voorbeelden zijn Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Pinterest en LinkedIn.
• Deze social media bieden je de mogelijkheid om een bericht met een (groot) publiek te delen.
• Het bereik van uitingen op social media beperkt zich niet tot een klein gezelschap.
• Ook bij afgeschermde profielen bestaat altijd de mogelijkheid dat berichten worden over- genomen en ze dus toch openbaar worden.

Richtlijnen

Zorg dat je de gedragscode kent!

Online gelden dezelfde richtlijnen als in het dagelijkse ‘offline’ leven.

• Geen vertrouwelijke informatie
• Op persoonlijke titel
• Bedenk goed wat je zegt
• Beperk je tot je eigen vakgebied
• Houd ons op de hoogte
• Geef geen antwoord op vragen van journalisten
• Eigen verantwoordelijkheid" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value " WHAT IS THE AIM OF THE REGULATION?

• The general data protection regulation (GDPR) protects individuals when their data is being processed by the private sector and most of the public sector.
• The processing of data by the relevant authorities for law-enforcement purposes is subject to the data protection law enforcement directive (LED) instead.
• It allows individuals to better control their personal data. It also modernises and unifies rules, allowing businesses to reduce red tape and to benefit from greater consumer trust.
• It establishes a system of completely independent supervisory authorities in charge of monitoring and enforcing compliance.

KEY POINTS

Individuals’ rights

The GDPR strengthens existing rights, provides for new rights and gives individuals more control over their personal data. It includes the following.

• Easier access to an individual's own data.
  • This includes providing more information on how that data is processed and ensuring that that information is available in a clear and understandable way.
• A new right to data portability.
  • This makes it easier to transmit personal data between service providers.
• A clearer right to erasure (right to be forgotten).
  • When an individual no longer wants their data to be processed and there is no legitimate reason to keep it, the data will be deleted.
• The right to know when their personal data has been breached.
  • Companies and organisations have to notify the relevant data protection supervisory authority and, in cases of serious data breaches, also the individuals affected.

Rules for businesses

The GDPR creates a level playing field for all companies operating in the EU internal market, adopts a technology-neutral approach and stimulates innovation through a number of steps, which include the following.

• A single set of EU-wide rules.
  • A single EU-wide law for data protection increases legal certainty and reduces administrative burden.
• A data protection officer.
  • A person responsible for data protection has to be designated by public authorities and by businesses that process data on a large scale, or whose core activity is the processing of special categories of data, such as health-related data.
• One-stop shop.
  • Businesses only have to deal with one single supervisory authority (in the EU Member State in which they have their main establishment); the relevant supervisory authorities cooperate in the framework of the European Data Protection Board for cross-border cases.
• EU rules for non-EU companies.
  • Companies based outside the EU must apply the same rules when offering services or goods to, or when monitoring the behaviours of, individuals within the EU.
• Innovation-friendly rules.
  • A guarantee that data protection safeguards are built into products and services from the earliest stage of development (data protection by design and by default).
• Privacy-friendly techniques.
  • Pseudonymisation (when identifying fields within a data record are replaced by one or more artificial identifiers) and encryption (when data is coded in such a way that only authorised parties can read it), for example, are encouraged, in order to limit the intrusiveness of processing.
• Removal of notifications.
  • The GDPR scrapped most notification obligations and the costs associated with these.
    • One of its aims is to remove obstacles that affect the free flow of personal data within the EU.
    • This will make it easier for businesses to expand in the single digital market.
• Data protection impact assessments.
  • Organisations will have to carry out impact assessments when data processing may result in a high risk for the rights and freedoms of individuals.
• Record keeping.
  • Small and medium-sized enterprises are not required to keep records of processing activities – unless the processing is regular or likely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of the person whose data is being processed, or includes sensitive categories of data.
• A modern toolbox for international data transfers.
  • The GDPR offers various instruments to transfer data outside the EU, including adequacy decisions adopted by the European Commission where the non-EU country offers an adequate level of protection, pre-approved (standard) contractual clauses, binding corporate rules, codes of conduct and certification." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value " International Standard ISO 22319

• provides guidelines for planning the involvement of spontaneous volunteers (SVs) in incident response and recovery.
• is intended to help organizations establishing a plan to consider whether, how and when SVs can provide relief to a coordinated response and recovery for all identified hazards.
• helps identify issues to ensure the plan is risk-based and can be shown to prioritize the safety of SVs, the public they seek to assist and incident response staff.

USE

• intended for use by organizations with responsibility for, or involvement in, part or all of the planning for working with SVs.
• is applicable to all types and sizes of organizations that are involved in the planning for, and management of, SVs (e.g. local, regional, and national governments, statutory bodies, international and non-governmental organizations, businesses and public and community groups).

NOTE

Coordinating the participation of volunteers who are affiliated to voluntary or professional organizations to provide relief is not within the scope of this document.

TERMINOLOGY

• A spontaneous volunteer (SV) is an individual who is not affiliated with existing incident response organizations but who is motivated to contribute unpaid work during and following incidents.
• The range of tasks performed by SVs can require only basic planning (e.g. for people who are first on the scene), or a plan that is more complex (e.g. for people who travel to the affected area to volunteer)
• SVs might have expressed their interest in volunteering before or during an incident and might therefore be called upon to participate depending on the incident’s needs and their specific skills.
• SVs can volunteer as individuals or as groups, they can arrive at the incident to volunteer in person or contribute remotely, and they can be self-deployed professionals (e.g. retired emergency responders), digital volunteers, or any other skilled or unskilled members of the

Note: Only informative sections of standards are publicly available. To view the full content, you will need to purchase the standard from your national ISO member or the ISO Store." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "The document provides the final guidelines for the Contribution of Social Media in Crisis Management (COSMIC) project.

The guidelines aim to enhance the safety and security of citizens by supporting both citizens, and public authorities, in their use of social media to complement their crisis management efforts.

TIPS AND TRICKS FOR PUBLIC AUTHORITIES

PRE-CRISIS PHASE

• Develop a social media strategy for all members of your organization
• Ensure privacy & data protection
• Prepare for increased communication and information flows during a crisis and take preparations to monitor these information flows
• Facilitate information sharing by first responders
• Establish collaboration and communication channels with relevant organizations like (other) public authorities before a crisis
• Practice the relation between internal and external communication processes regularly
• Be careful with using participatory actions to increase follower engagement
• Encourage citizens to support disaster management capacities by using social media when crises occur and provide them with guidance to help fulfil your needs
• Create awareness for responsible and effective use of social media during crises by citizens and employees
• Stimulate recognizability of information and ensure continuity
• Use social media accounts to prepare citizens for high probability hazards and to inform them of the hazards they face

CRISIS PHASE

• Communicate regularly, quickly and with honesty, candor and openness
• Ensure information reaches your target audience & differentiate in communication channels
• Ensure clear, effective, to the point communication and continuity
• Work with others to gain information, encourage the sharing of information and the building of situational awareness
• Encourage citizens to inform and help others
• Stimulate the flow of information & add value
• Be transparent in how you use data and address copyright and privacy issues
• Ensure information is correct: Verify, Validate and correct (mis)information!
• Facilitate the (enhanced) communication needs

Private companies:

• Monitor and cooperate with the (conventional) channels of crisis communication by public authorities to ensure that communication and advice directed at citizens will be recognized
• Cooperate with and adapt to emergent group initiatives on social media during crises and encourage citizens to do so, too

POST-CRISIS PHASE

• Direct people to after care initiatives & encourage them to care for each other
• Elicit resources for the recovery
• Seek feedback from those you communicated with during a crisis situation

TIPS AND TRICKS FOR CITIZENS

• WHEN PREPARING

Prepare yourself for crises

• WHEN SEEKING AID

Ask for help and disclose your location

• WHEN SEEKING INFORMATION

Ensure your information is trustworthy

• WHEN PROVIDING AID

Participate in the flow of information Volunteer to support emergency services

• WHEN MOBILIZING

Create and stimulate networks Stimulate the networks action potential Mobilize to address crises of societal values Ensure your and others safety

• WHEN REPORTING INFORMATION

Ensure a broad scope & consider your communication venue Ensure your information is correct and can be validated or verified Engage ethically in citizen media practices" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "The role of social media in crisis communications

During a crisis, social media can help brands:

• Communicate updates to your audience;
• Support people who need help or information;
• Listen and learn about current events and what people need from your brand.

• Tips for communicating on social media during a crisis or emergency

Make sure your social media policy includes the following:

• An up-to-date emergency contact list. Not just your social media team but legal advisors and executive decision-makers, too.
• Guidance on accessing social account credentials. Where is that information, and how can someone find it?
• Guidelines for identifying the scope of the crisis (i.e., is it global or local, does it affect your operations, does it affect your customers, and to what extent?)
• An internal communication plan for employees.
• An approval process for your response strategy.

Social media crisis communications plan template

Get a social media crisis communications plan in place while everything is business-as-usual. That way, you’ll be able to jump into action ASAP when life goes sideways. get started with a crisis communication plan template for social media.

• Assess potential crises
• Potential questions and responses
• Posting outlets and schedules
• Key stakeholders
• Guidelines for social media" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "* I player principali dei servizi d'emergenza hanno capito ormai da tempo che i social network sono molto importanti durante un'emergenza.

• Sono 2,5 miliardi le persone che usano social network e 3,8 miliardi quelle che utilizzano i dispositivi mobili, fenomeni in crescita di circa il 10% rispetto all’anno 2016.
• Secondo uno studio di Comunello (Comunello 2014) sono proprio i social network i primi mezzi di informazione a essere utilizzati dalla popolazione per reperire notizie riguardanti un’emergenza.

Twitter

• Twitter consente di accedere istantaneamente alle informazioni essenziali riguardanti l’emergenza grazie ai relativi hashtag, che favoriscono la ricerca di informazioni raggruppando le stesse per macro aree.
• L’utilizzo efficace di questo social in emergenza è stato anche standardizzato da una guida ONU che ha identificato tre hashtag principali da utilizzare in emergenza: # nome della calamità, # public reporting e # richiesta di soccorso, con post sempre tassativamente geolocalizzati.

Facebook

• Una funzione fondamentale di Facebook in emergenza è senza dubbio il safety check, che viene attivato automaticamente nelle zone colpite. Questo tool, che funziona attraverso la geo-localizzazione, permette infatti di poter informare i propri contatti che si è al sicuro e di controllare che anche gli altri utenti lo siano." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "This guide is intended primarily for national authorities responsible for the development and implementation of the National Emergency Telecommunication Plan and is a useful resource for any person or organization generally involved in disaster risk management or in the administration of telecommunication/ICTs during emergencies. This includes governments, the private sector, non-governmental entities, humanitarian aid agencies, and private citizens.

National emergency telecommunication plan (NETP)

• sets out a strategy to enable and ensure communications availability during the disaster mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery phases, by promoting coordination across all levels of government, between public and private organizations, and within communities at risk.
• Preparation and implementation of an NETP engages stakeholders to think through the life cycle of a potential disaster, it determines the required capabilities for emergency responses, and establishes a governance framework of roles and responsibilities.
• It also clarifies how to shape planning, envision and share desired outcomes, and it outlines effective ways to achieve and communicate expected results.
• The NETP will reflect what diverse stakeholder communities need to focus on in order to address specific risks with available resources.

Support for people with specific needs

• Consult with members of vulnerable populations directly and facilitate their involvement at all stages of the disaster management process.
• Ensure that accessibility and usability of telecommunication/ICTs are considered
• Use multiple strategies and mechanisms to promote accessible telecommunication/ICT
• Build the capacity of vulnerable populations to use telecommunication/ICTs in disaster situations
• Use multiple modes of communication to provide information before, during and after disasters
• Be aware of the potential for misuse of personal data of vulnerable populations in disaster situations
• Provide information packs, guides and manuals; conduct public awareness campaigns in multiple accessible formats in different languages; and provide sensitized resource persons to impart the contents of these packs to persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups.
• Develop, promote and distribute mainstream and assistive technologies that can be used during emergencies and disasters
• Develop frameworks to facilitate inter-agency collaboration
• Specify accessible telecommunication/ICT infrastructure
• Ensure that all services, facilities and infrastructure developed after a disaster are accessible and inclusive.
• Provide information in multiple formats and through multiple modes about ongoing recovery efforts and how to get help or access resources
• Review disaster response efforts to assess any challenges for vulnerable groups

Telecommunications/ICT to support people with specific needs

Incorporation of multiple forms of ICT is key to bringing messages to all people, without discrimination of age, gender, ability or location. To ensure this inclusiveness, the following considerations are required:

• Public address systems:
  • Alerts in audio and visual formats through public loudspeakers and electronic displays
  • Sirens can be accompanied by flashing lights to denote the nature and level of threat.
• Radios:
  • Radios can be used with attachments or with special features to enable use by people who are deaf or hard of hearing.
• Television:
  • Employing closed captioning or subtitling in local languages can make audio commentary accessible to people who have hearing impairments or do not understand the language.
  • In addition, sign language interpreters should be used when providing televised information about a disaster or emergency situation.
• SMS:
  • If information is sent out only as SMS, people who need non-visual inputs and don’t have access to high-end devices that can convert text to other formats such as audio will be excluded.
• E-mail:
  • Notifications should be enabled in multiple languages.
  • The software should be designed as per accessibility guidelines to enable it to operate seamlessly with a user’s assistive technology. o Use of graphics within the alert may assist people who have trouble understanding the language, children and individuals with cognitive disabilities.
• Social Media
  • Social media sites should also be designed to be accessible and to work with a user’s assistive technology.
  • Finally, although the new versions of the most popular social networks are offering accessibility features, it is important that the agencies publishing emergency information on these platforms know about electronic content accessibility to ensure that the messages are accessible.
• Websites:
  • Websites providing disaster management information must be tested for accessibility to ensure that persons with disabilities do not face barriers in accessing the important information shared on the website." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of current and innovative social media strategies used by public safety organizations to engage interactively with the public during all phases of emergency situations

• Established social media networks are in widespread use and allow for the dissemination of data-rich, contextual multimedia including narrative, photos, and videos.
• Therefore, by incorporating social media into their communications strategies, public safety organizations can leverage the power of these popular information-sharing technologies to enhance their efforts through all phases of an emergency.

Social Media Implementation Methods

• Develop a strategic plan
  • Identify the target audience, objectives, tactics, and staffing requirements including roles and responsibilities 

  • Create a governance structure for approvals 

  • Identify desired social media channels and processes
• Establish and adopt policies
  • Develop overarching documents that provide guidance to emergency managers for the effective use of social media
  • Implement policies that help foster leadership support and sustainable strategies
• Establish a Social Media Presence
  • Establish accounts on popular social media platforms and become familiar with the online culture by sustaining an active presence 

  • Establish a complementary mix of social media
  • Engage with the community in advance through social media and recommend standard hashtags
• Manage Expectations
  • Engage early and often with the public to help set realistic expectations during emergencies 

  • Disclose the source, type, and frequency of official emergency communications 

• Establish a concept of operations
  • Determine how social media will be managed during emergencies 

  • Establish training and staffing plans to allocate more resources to social media monitoring during an incident
  • Incorporate social media strategies into emergency management exercises
• Distribute timely and frequent updates
  • Pre-engage the public to increase visibility and credibility by posting regular updates during all phases of emergencies and during times of non-emergencies
• Coordinate with partnering organisations
  • Partner with other organizations to coordinate consistent key messages
  • Set up a central online source for emergency-related information from a variety of official sources 

  • Coordinate social media efforts regionally 

• Actively monitor Social Media Content
  • Monitor conversations on popular social networks
  • Engage with community members by responding to questions and comments and providing clarification
• Evaluate public information
  • Monitor social media channels to assess the manner in which official messages are being received
  • Quickly correct any misperceptions or inaccurate rumors
  • Use social media management tools to track, analyze, and document messages
• Utilize maps to increase visual context
  • Use mashups and location services such as crisis maps to provide visual and spatial viewing of social media content
  • Include layered map data such as evacuation zones and shelter locations
  • Allow community members to submit damage reports containing photos, videos, and eyewitness accounts relating to the emergency response
• Engage with Digital Volunteers Organizations and Virtual Operations Support Teams (VOST)
  • Enlist digital volunteer communities to help satisfy demand for information when in-house resources are taxed
  • Use a VOST to monitor sites, spot trends, and seek and disseminate information
• Improve Community Awareness
  • Engage in community discussions and follow relevant hashtags in order to build and maintain better awareness for the Whole Community
  • Include collaborative dialogue about hardships, consequences, and developing safety concerns
• Plan for loss of connectivity
  • Ensure the network infrastructure is robust and able to handle peak demands during disasters
  • Establish a contingency plan that can mitigate loss of power and connectivity
• Engage with community members after an incident
  • Seek feedback from community members to help assess the usefulness and frequency of information shared through social media" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "Synopsis er taget fra et Kapitel III/5. Krisekommunikation

Opgaver krisekommunikation

• Krisekommunikationens første opgave er at etablere formålet med krisekommunikationen. Det handler om at:
  • informere internt såvel som eksternt om hændelsen, og hvad der gøres ved den
  • være handlingsanvisende, så borgerne (og medarbejderne) bedst muligt kan tage vare på sig selv
  • fortælle, hvor og hvornår borgerne kan få yderligere information
  • (gen)etablere tillid ved at vise handling og alvor.

Bruttoliste af opgaver

• Indgå i kriseledelsen

• Ledelse af kommunikationsindsatsen

• Ledelse af møder i kommunikationsenheden
• Etablere formålet med kommunikationsindsatsen

• Udarbejde kommunikationsstrategi

• Fortælle omverdenen om krisen

• Fortælle medarbejdere om krisen

• Overvåge medierne for at se, hvad de beretter om krisen

• Overvåge sociale medier for at se, om der er nyt, som medierne endnu ikke har fanget, eller diskussionsfora med nyttig viden eller indgange til særlige målgrupper
• Kommunikationskoordinering med andre virksomheder/myndigheder
• Udtalelser til radio, TV og aviser m.fl.
• Pressearbejde

• Udarbejde vagtplan, hvis det er langvarigt

• Logning af handlinger og kontakter og referat

Roller

• Der findes ikke nogen endelig formel for, hvordan man definerer sine roller i kommunikations- enheden, men det handler om at gøre opgaverne logiske. Én måde kunne være:

Kommunikationschef

• Indgå i kriseledelsen
• Ledelse af kommunikationsindsatsen
• Ledelse af møder i kommunikationsenheden
• Etablere formålet med kommunikationsindsatsen
Kommunikationsansvarlig:
• Udarbejde kommunikationsstrategi
• Fortælle omverdenen om krisen
• Fortælle medarbejdere om krisen
• Kommunikationskoordinering med andre virksomheder/myndigheder


Medieovervåger

• Overvåge medierne: radio, TV og aviser m.fl.
• Overvåge de sociale medier
• Pressearbejde 


Talsperson

• Udtalelser til radio, TV og aviser m.fl.
• Koordinator
• Udarbejde vagtplan, hvis det er langvarigt
• Logning af handlinger og kontakter og referat" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "This study analyzes explicit pieces of advice for effective social media crisis communication given by researchers in various subdisciplines of strategic communication. The themes are identified by a systematic content analysis of peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers (n = 104) published between 2004 and 2017. Five overall thematic “lessons” are identified and critically discussed.

Effective social media crisis communication

• is about using the potential for dialogue and choosing the right message, source and timing
• is about being prepared, understanding social media logic, and making friends before you need them
• is about using social media for monitoring
• is still about prioritizing traditional media
• is just about using social media" contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.

Property "Synopsis" (as page type) with input value "MASTER SERVICES AGREEMENT

• This Master Services Agreement, including its exhibits, addenda, and incorporated online terms (“MSA”) governs each Statement of Work signed by the LinkedIn entity and the supplier (“Supplier”) identified in that Statement of Work.
• This MSA is between LinkedIn Corporation and LinkedIn Ireland Unlimited Company and their Affiliates (“LinkedIn”) and Supplier." contains invalid characters or is incomplete and therefore can cause unexpected results during a query or annotation process.